𝐕𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐩𝐮𝐢 𝐋𝐮𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞𝐧

 

Kei anga di ngai awm ve maw i,

Ka ngai mang e ţha Mampui, duhlai mi u;

Chêng lûrin luahlai rem rih si lo.

Suihlung a lêng ruai ruai mang e aw,

Lûng ka mawl senlai nau ang ka Mampui bawih;

Suihlung rualna tlângpui min thlen rawh.

Lung tilêng ram mawi ka thlir nang che,

Romei chhûmin tlâng tin a bawm iang hianin;

Hmangaih zâm velin mi tuam del del.

Pᴀᴄʜᴜᴀᴜ Pᴏᴇᴛʀʏ

Lemchan dawhsana lemchangtu ang mai,
A chanvo thiam chiangkuang lo, a sawi tur,
Dawhsan hlauhna rau vanga theihnghilh ţhin,
A thinlung phûrna hleihluak vang hian a ni,
Ka inrintâwk loh a, hmangaihtuin,
A duh tak hnena hmangaih ânkâ hlan lam,
A hriat hauh lohva a theihnghilh ţhin ni,
Ka hmangaihna a so san lai ka chak loh lai,
Chuvangin ka kut ziak hian ka thinlung,
Ka duh tak, i hnenah puang chhuak ţhin rawh se,
Hmangaihna nasa zawk an ngên thiam mahna,
Tlar tin thawm nei lovah chuan chhiar rawh,
Leili-in a puan chhuah thiam loh biahthu,
Hmangaihna vekin chhiar a zirtir ang che.

𝐏𝐚𝐜𝐡𝐮𝐚𝐮 𝐒𝐨𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐭

Zing chhuak hlim ianga duhawm leh nalh chu,
Zan thim ngainatawm lohna la kiangtu;
Chawngtinleri let thuma duhawm chu,
Ţhuva nunnêm zaidam kimtlang putu.
A hmaifanga chhimbal zâm kai chiai chu,
A heh, cherry sen tai duhawm iang saw;
Saingho ang maia a vun var sar chu,
A ruangâm meihle kung iang tlawn nalh saw.
Tlâng chhipa ngainatna tui mal luang chuan,
Tuipui a panna kuang zauh thla zelin;
Ngainatna tui pung zelin an so phuan,
Tuipui chhûngril duhawm an thlen thlengin.
Upatna leh naupanna inrem lo,
Lenlai rual lo kal lai a khâm reng fo.

𝐏𝐀𝐂𝐇𝐔𝐀𝐔 𝐏𝐎𝐄𝐓𝐑𝐘 – 𝐕

Hmangaihna, sikserh natna ka thlâkhlelh,
Natna hrik dim taka enkawl zui lohva;
Nat zualna duat taka chhawm nungtu chu,
Tlaina awm lo chunga puar tumnaah;
Rilru fimna chu ka damdawi awmchhun,
Damna dawi mi chawh chuan mi dam lovin;
Pawisak nei lovah mi chhuah ta zawk a,
Thihna làma thlâkhlelhna lo thleng chuan;
Tihdam rual lohva mi nawrchep zovin,
Hahdam lék lo va mi tihât tak hi;
Phungzâwl tluk lek nun chu mi chantir a,
Thu dik reng puanchhuah theih loh hmunah chuan;
Zan thim tluk thinlung thim kawltu ngei chu,
Nipui thla bial vanglai ang ka ti si!

𝙻𝚞𝚗𝚐𝚕𝚎𝚗𝚗𝚊 !

Lênmawi, ka suihlung a lêng bâng lo,

Sirva kal khâm thlangan ainâwn a pâr e;

Vâl kal khâm biangnotê ţhang thuai thuai.

Kâwlngo lêng sawn ka lung min lên e,

Biak theih chang se thu tin di zawh ka nuam ang;

Ka biangnotê a tawng dah law maw?

Suihlung lêng chuang ţhuva awmhartê,

Suihlung rualin kâwl vêl zai i rêl ang aw;

Ka biangnotê kha ka tawng mahna.

𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧𝐧𝐚 𝐊𝐚𝐰𝐥 𝐄𝐧𝐠 !

Bawihte, i sakhmel ka tawnni a’n khan,
Lairilah engdang reng a cham thei lo;
I sakhming an sawi rik mai hi chuan,
Lairilah dar ang a thang reng...

Kum 2016 kum thar zan vawt riai hnuaiah laikhum zala induh tawn êm êma inkuah chialte awitu Israela aw thâm lungkuai chu an hringnunah rem takin a hla thu nên an hmehbel lo thei lo! Kan intawng chauh a, ṭhenna kawl êng lo chhuak tur chuan rilru a kâp lo thei si lo!

Hmangaihna chuan hliampui tawrhna kan nunah a thlen ve ve tawh a, lungngaihna thûk ber ruamah mal taka hnutchhiaha awmin hma lam pan châkna reng nei lovin piangsual deuh thawa kan lo tluksawp dun tawh tlat avangin hetia kan intawng thut hi mak takin kan inzawm nghet nghal êm êm tlat a ni!

“Eng emaw ka sawi thiam si loh hi keimahah hian a awm tlat a ni! Zûn sawi fiah hleih theih si loh hi a awm a ni! I ṭha ta hluah hluah e ka ti zawng a ni lo. Mahse, nangmah tawp hian ka duh êm êm che a, ka vei hlauh hluah che a ni” tiin insum tak chungin hmeichhia chu ka bengbulah a phun sép sép a. 

Chutih lai tak chuan mawi êm êm hian -

I sakhmel mawitê leh anka nêmtê,
A thlum ngei, ka tâna khawizu aiin;
Ka vei reng ṭhin asin,
I chhingmit mawizia leh biangnotê kha,
Kei ka tân chuan ṭahna titamtu a ni, biangnotê.

a rawn ti zet chu! Kei chuan duat tih hriat takin hmeichhe hmaifang nalh taka tla darh niai a bahsam dum hlap, ngil tak maite chu ka hui kiang a; hmeichhia chu a mitmengah ngaina tih hriat takin ka en vâwng vâwng a! A hmui no duhawm lutuk, ang phiau chu lungchim takin ka fawp ta ngawih ngawih mai a ni. 

Kan pahnih chuan duhthawh êm êmin hmangaihna khuaizu kan tlan a, sual khur erawh kan dai lo. Nimahsela, hla thu ang chiahin ṭahna lo thleng tur chu nunrâwng takin kan inkârah a rawn tlazep leh ṭhin a.

“Ka va huphurh tak êm! Ka nute leh midang pawh ngaia han lunglên êm êm hi ka nei ngai lo asin.  Mahse, i bula ka awm lai reng, i ṭanga ka bei reng lai pawh hian ka ngai ngawih ngawih che a ni si a! Lo tawng lo law law che ila ka te ka inti” hmeichhiain a han tih bah niai chuan ka thinlung chu a tùr dan a dang zak mai!

A kum ka ngaihtuah a, a hma lam hun ka thlir sak lo thei si lo. Harsa takin a kuma kum tel a zir a, ṭha taka zir chhuakin phaiah hna ṭha tak a thawk dawn a ni si a. Ni e, nupuia neih beisei takin a ṭawng chhuakin a thiam ang tawkin amah chelh turin ṭan a la tih ka hai hauh lo.

Ani chu kei aiin kum 16 zeta naupang a ni tlat! Chutia naupang ka tih vang chuan puitlin kawngah a naupang ka ti lo. Kawng engkimah nula dang ka lo kawm ṭhinte aia puitlin zawkna a ngah tih ka hai hauh lo a ni zawk.

‘I hmui ka tân thinlung tlaina.....’ tih pahin ka han fawp leh ngawt ṭhin. ‘Ehh...i infawp rilṭam ang e aw’ tih pahin huatawm loh tak hian a nui hér hér a. ‘I kam thlum ka pumpui tlaina’ tih pahin a khabe ka seh sak ne ne a. Insum hman lovin, ‘Ka duh lutuk hepa hi.....’ a han tih chuan a zak leh si a ka awmah beiin a hmai a han thukru a!

‘I heh nô ka tân tuihna kang ngai lo’ ka han  tih chuan ka ṭanglai ata rawn hawi chhuak paw pheu chungin, ‘A ṭangnêm bei ninawm loh’ tih pahin a mi pawm leh ta vâwng vâwng a. 

Chutia hlim taka hun kan hman lai tak chuan,

Ka vanduai chuang ngei leng zawng zinga’n,
Khi zûn ngai khian ka uai hnê hnê...

tiin hma lam hun chin hriat loh, engtia rei nge kan inhmuh dawn loh, kan inhmu leh ngai ang em tih pawh hriat loh tisa hmun khata leng dun lo thuai tur kan nihna min rawn hriattir leh ta!

Zankhuain chhin khat mah kan chhing lo! Ṭhenna kawl êng zungzâm chuan kawngka biang a rawn chhun a, inchhûng a rawn luh thlengin engmah kan sawi lo! Motor-a kan chuan dun lai chuan thu ṭha leh awmdan tur hrilh ve bawk mah ila, a beng a rawngah engmah a lut thei lo. A sawitu paw’n ka sawi tui chuang lo.

Kalkawngah hmeichhe mit aṭang chuan mittui a rawn hnám tiam tiam a, ngawi rengin a rawmawlin a hmai a hru leh ṭhin! Eng thu nge sawi ila hmeichhe mita mittui luang ngiai ngiai chu hru hul thei ang? Hmui rangkachak pumi pawh ni se tun ang dinhmunah damna pai thu a sawi thei ang em ni?

A hun a thleng ta! Motor khawl a tawp dat a, khaw laia mite hmuh hlau tak chungin a mittui a hru hul a; ka hmel chu en pawh a en ngam tawh lo! Ngawi rengin motor kawngka a hawng a, lungchhe êm êm, insum tih hriat takin ṭhenna kawng zawh turin mi kalsan ta a ni!

Kei chuan he hringnun nunrâwnna hi vawi tam ka lo hmachhawn tawh a, vawi tam ka lo tukzal tawh ni mah se, hmeichhia zawk tân chuan chhel taka hmachhawna har zual ta bik a ni! Chutiang reng renga thinlung tawtna tawnhriat chu kum tam tak kalta chhûng khan ka lo tawk tawh ṭhin ngei mai. Chu chuan tun huna tawrhna lo thleng lakah tawrh thiamna erawh min pe bik lo, min pe bik mawlh lo a ni!

Kolasib lamah lo zuk chhuk hmasain tlai lamah chuan a ţhiante nen Night Bus-in Diakkawnah an lo chawl thla ta a. Ka lo hmuak zet chu, ka va han buai ngai ve! Chaw a ei hlei thei lo, a changin a mittui a tla leh ngiai ngiai ţhin. A tawpah chuan kal a hun ta miau si a, hreh takin ka fawp a, bus-ah min luhsan ta a!

Mahse, kha nula naupang tak kha mi tumruh a ni tih ka hria! Niminpiah maiah chuan a status ka han en a, US lam panin a thlawk nal nal a. Tunah chuan khawvela ram ropui berah hna a thawk dawn ta zuk nia! He a theihna hi ka hmuh kiau avangin mahni hmasial lo takin ka thlah a ni tih engtik emaw chuan a man thiam ngei ang. Kei chu heti ve mai, hmangaih tlak hlawl loh ka ni si a!

𝐖𝐎𝐑𝐋𝐃 𝐏𝐎𝐄𝐓𝐑𝐘 𝐃𝐀𝐘 𝐏𝐔𝐀𝐋

World Poetry Day a lo thlen leh takah chuan, Mizote’n a lemchan kaltlang chauha kan hmelhriat, a Sonnet 154 a phuahte erawh deh loh sakei huai tluk deuh thawa kan ţihkhai vanga luhchilh tumna pawh kan neih loh, Shakespeare-a hla hril phuah ka’n tarlang dâwn a ni. Shakespeare-a hian Sonnet 154 (Shakespearean Sonnet – ababcdcdefefhh rhyme scheme) phuahin, Sonnet 1-126-na thleng hi tu rawlthar nge tih hriat fák loh tân a ni a.

Sonnet 127-154 erawh lûngchim taka ‘Dark Lady’ tiha a phuah, mi nupui ni ngeia hriat tâna a phuah an ni thung. Sonnet 18 phei chu khawvela Sonnet mawi bera mi thiam rualin an puan kha a ni a, hei ngawt pawh hian Kumpinu mi hrâng val hi tu nge a nih tih a hril chiang hle awm e. Hla ţona mual a hre fuh ta bik em ni tih mai turin, hringnun dârthlalang kipa kawi min puan chhuahsak theih tlatna hi, sappui hla hril phuahtute chunga a lênna tak pawh a ni reng a ni.                                                                                                                                   

Kan hmuipuipu, JF Laldailova’n Shakespeare-a nihna hi thiam taka, “Anite ang kha zawng, fiamthu pawha keini ang han tèr phâk tur chi ziazâng a ni lo, an piang fuh pawh ni lovin an piangsual a ni ber zawk âwm e” tia a lo sawi hian engkim a hril chiang ber awm e. A sonnet hi thiam vang ni hauh lovin, 30 vel chu a letling ve tawh a. Eizawn nâna hmang tur ni ta ila chuan, nitin kan ţam chiang hle ang. Chuti chung pawhin, a sonnet zinga ka duh êm êm, Sonnet 60 hi lo thlirho ta ila. 

SONNET LX

Like as the waves make towards the pebbled shore,
So do our minutes hasten to their end;
Each changing place with that which goes before,
In sequent toil all forwards do contend.
Nativity, once in the main of light,
Crawls to maturity, wherewith being crown’d,
Crooked eclipses ‘gainst his glory fight,
And Time, that gave, doth now his gift confound.
Time doth transfix the flourish set on youth,
And delves the parallels in beauty’s brow,
Feeds on the rarities of nature’s truth,
And nothing stands but for his scythe to mow.
And yet to times in hope my verse shall stand,
Praising thy worth, despite his cruel hand.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 
Tui fawnte’n muanga vaukam an pan iang,
Tawpna panin kan nun a hmanhmawh ţhin;
Tui fawn hmasate hnudawl awm zelin,
Mahni hun ţheuhah vaukam an thleng ţhin;
Leia piang tawh phawt puitlin lam pan chu,
A vul lai kalha hun rawn inrawlhah;
Petu ngeiin a thilpêk tichhiain,
Hun chuan ţhalaite mawina thliahsakin;
Hmaifang chuarna a rawn thlen si ţhin a,
Leilung duhawmnaa inchawm thauin;
A favah hriamin mi tin min ât ţhin,
Fiahna nunrâwng paltlangin ka hlate’n;
I hlutna an la fak ngei ka beisei.

Kha maw, England ram pawisawitu mai kan nihzia in lo hmu thiam mai em? Tin ther tluk pawhin he sonnet mawizia kan let chhuak thiam lova chhâ a nih hi. Shakespeare-a rilru puak chhuak hlimthla, a chanve chanve pawh kan phawrh thiam tâwk lo chu a ni ber e. He Sonnet pumpui hi khaikhinna (metaphor) kaltlanga mihring lo piang, hunin matheilova a sawisak dan leh, a hun tawp thleng tura mihring chunga thuneihna, tu dan rual loha hunin min sal beh dan, thiul hrang hrang hmanga hmehbelna a ni a. 

A hla tlar li hmasa ber (Couplet) kan en chuan, tui fawn tehkhinna (simile) hmanga hringnunin a hma lam pana ke a chheh dan, mitthlaa chiang taka thlir theih tura tui fawn del del kaltlanga Imagery fuh lutuk a chheh dante hi kan lo hmu thiam ve ngei ang ti r’u? Tirilah eng rau emaw hian min ţham er er mai zu nia! Vaukam leh vaukama ţiau lung tla darh niaih chu thihna leh a ângchhûng mihring thlarau nena a rawn tehkhinin dan, figure of speech mawi tak; Allusion a rawn hman dante hian a hla a tihhausak dan kan hmu thiam em?

  Elizabethan hun laia mite thu leh hla chaw lak luhna ber chu, Greek leh Rome mite nun a ni a. Greek thawnthuah chuan, Styx luiah lung chi hrang hrang, mitthite aiawh a tlar phei tuarhin an ngai ţhin a. Troilus & Cressida lemchanah khân, Troilus-a hian Diomed-a hnenah Achilles-a laka phuba lak a tumzia, he thihna lui hial dai ngai pawh ni se thihna hmachhawn tura a inpeih ât thu a lo sawi tawh a. Shakespeare-a hian ţiau lungte Symbol angin thihna ângchhûnga thlarau chawl tate aiawhtu atân a rawn hmang ta a ni.

HLal Solomon-ate’n a mihringpuite khûm záka finna a neih kaltlanga, hringnun awmzia, ‘Buaina mai’ tia a hmuh chhuah tak dan tilang turin Shakespeare-a pawhin kan hringnun zinkawng hi kawng namailo a nihzia lantir nân, thu uarna (hyperbole) mawi tak, hringnun chu thawhrimna inchherchhuan mai (sequent toil) a nihzia min hrilh ta bawk a nih hi. ‘Thinlai a nâ, ka naute’ tihte ang hla kan lo tuipui phak ve tawk a nih laiin, mi fate hi chu cho rual lohin vanlaizawlah an mute lên der der mai a nih hi. 

  Couplet hnihna hi lo thlir leh ta ila. Chhûl aţanga mihring kan lo pian chhuah a, lo ţhang lian zela matheilova Eden ânchhia vanga thihna ângchhûnga kan tluk luh dan; zing ni lo chhuak, van zâwla a cham chhûng leh kâwla a tlak pil thlenga hringnun kalsiam nena hmehbelna/khaikhinna (metaphor kan hmu leh ta a. Chutih rual vek chuan Shakespeare-a hian ţawngkam chheh dan (diction) danglam a rawn hmang ta tih pawh, chiang takin kan hmu tel thei bawk. 

Shakespeare-a leh Geneva baibul inlaichinna thûkzia hai rual lohin kan hmu ta. Kan baibul hi English Poet-ho tâna pûr an châwkna ber pakhat a nihziate hi sawiho tham a awm a. Shakespeare-a pawhin Lal Isua he leia a rawn pian dan, a ţhanlên chhohna leh a ropuina tarlangin, chu ni ropui takin hmêl phel ţihbaiawm tak a neih dan min hrilh bawk. Chutiang thu han chham chhuah nâna hla rua duhthusam a chher chawp zung zung thiamte hi, keini ang duangin mak tia kan thlir reng tur a ni kumkhua tawh ang. 

A tawi zawngin sawi ta zel ila, hun chu mi sual râpthlak tak ang maiah chhuahin, mihringte min sawisak dan, ‘delves parallels in beauty’s brow’ tih leh, ‘feeds on rarities of nature’s truth’ tih ţawngkam mawi tak leh nalh takte hi lo chik ve teh u. A diction reng rengte hi, heti deuh zawk hian rem ta se han tih tur eih hi a awm ngai lo a. A bu ang thlapa a thu leh hla a rem thiamnate hi, khawvel tân chuan zir tham a tling reng tawh dâwn a nih hi.

Tlar 9 bulţanna hi han thlir la, ‘And Time that gave’ tiin T hi hawrawppui hmanga a rawn personify dan pawh hi in lo hmu thiam em? Shakespeare-a thu leh hlate hi chu an heti tlat ţhin a. Sa pumpui hai ang deuhin, sa kaw chhûnga paih phal loh sa tui ţha ţha, a hai peih apiangin an thur chhuak ang deuh hi a ni ber. Keini ang duang chuan, in puarna khawp sa tui hai chhuah pawh kan thiam ngai dâwn lova nih hi. 

Heng zawng zawngah hian, Shakespeare-a thupui ber chu hmangaihna, thihna tem hauh lova a hmangaih chawi nun a tumna ala ni ta tho tho a nih hi. A hla hril hmangin a hmangaihna chu a nung reng ang, a tih ang takin thlanah mi ruang chu ţawih ral tawh mah se, Shakespeare-a thu leh hla erawh thihna meuh pawhin a ngam lo a. Keini chhuan liam hunah pawh a la nung zel dâwn zawk a lo ni e. 

𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐝 𝐏𝐥𝐚𝐲 𝐤𝐚𝐧 𝐭𝐢𝐡 𝐚𝐰𝐦𝐳𝐢𝐚 𝐞𝐧𝐠 𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐧𝐢 ?

‘Harhfimin a eiru…’ tih leh, ‘A sawiseltute khan chibai an buk leh daih tawh!’ tih thu chheh mawi tak, Zephyr Lemchan hnuhnung ber kaltlanga Mapuia thluak themthiamzia lo lanna hi lo thlir ta ila. Thu chheh hmasa zawkah hian, eiru tih thumal kha harhfim tih hmangin a chhaih (play) kual ta a. A dawt lehah thung chuan sawiseltute tih thumal kha, sarcastic tak bawkin a chei kual (play) a nih hi. Hei hi Word Play chu a ni ta mai a ni.  

Word Play nân hian thu leh hla cheina hmanraw hrang hrang (Literary Terms) hman an ni ţhin. A hmasa berah chuan thumal inkhing dun anga lang, lak hran ve ve chuan thumal indo ni si, hmun khata han daha awmze thûk zawk nei thu fing rawn piang hi Oxymoron an ti a. Romeo & Juliet-ah Shakespreare-a khan ‘O brawling love! Aw buaipuiawm hmangaihna chimawm tih te, ‘O loving hate! Aw hmangaihna huatthlala’ tihte a hmang nual a nih kha. Hmangaihna thumal kha a cheibawl (play) thiam ngang a nih hi.

A dawt lehah chuan Mafaa’n, ‘Mahni thawhrimna rah a mal mala mal malh malhtute…’ a han tih ang thumal ‘M’ ri hman phei diat diatna, sapin Alliteration/Consonance an tih mai, Consonant thumal inang hmanga thu chheh inzawm pawh Word Play nân hian hman a ni ţhin. Shakespeare-a pawhin Romeo & Juliet-ah khan Alliteration a hmang rim hle a, ‘Now old desire doth in his death-bed lie; From forth the fatal loins of these two foes’ tiha ‘D’ leh ‘F’ thumal lam rik phei diat diat angte hi entirna an ni. 

Vowel ri inang inlalawn ve thung hi Assonance an ti a. Mafa-a’n,  ‘Ramvachal pasalţha hma taka vacha pachal…’ a han tiha, vowel ‘A’ ri phei diat diat ang hmang hian Word Play an rem ţhin bawk. A dawt lehah chuan thumal pakhat ni si, awmze hrang hlak pahnih nei thei, Double Entendre kan tih angte hman a ni leh a. A bik takin Shakespeare-a hian mipat hmeichhiatna kaihhnawihah a hmang nasa zual a. Venus & Adonis Poem-ah khan, ‘Graze on my lips, and if those hills be dry; Stray lower, where the pleasant fountains lie’ tih kan hmu a. Tuikhawhthla mitthlaah a lan reng laiin, hmeichhe thil hnâwm chap mai mitthlaah a lang tel lo thei lo a nih hi! 

A dawt lehah chuan  thumal lam rikin a taka thil an tihlan fiahna, ‘Khuai an phu mur mur, halpuah a puak dûr dûr, sana bân chek ri’ tih ang chi Onomatopoeia an tihte pawh hman a ni ţhin. Shakespeare-a hman thiam êm êm thumal, a awmzia ang ni hauh si lova thumal hman sual Malapropism hi, Much Ado About Nothing ka lehlin laia min tibuaitu ber pakhat a ni bawk. ‘…have indeed comprehended two auspicious persons’ a tihte hi han en ta ila, suspicious hmanna turah auspicious a hmang hlauh ang hi a ni.

Heng bakah hian Literary Terms chi hrang hrang, thumal lam tawi dan (Acronym) te, spelling te leh ţawngkam bungraw hrang hrang Word Play nân hian hman a ni ţhin. Hei bakah hian min zawh ngun êm êm thumal rik dan inang (Rhyme) chungchang hi lo sawi ta bawk ila. Rhyme hi chi hrang hrang an awm a, hetiangin lo sawi fiah ta ila :

End Rhyme – Hla tlar tawpna thumalte ri inang, hla phuahtu tam ber ten an hman tlanglawn ber a ni. ‘Hmangaihna kan tih hi mihring ni se, I hnenah keimah ka rawn kal ang e’ tiha ‘se’ leh ‘e’ a tawp rik dan inang hi a ni. Sap ţawngah chuan commits leh befits hi an  in rhyme a. Commits chu lam hnih a ni a, befits pawh lam hnih tho niin, a lam hnihna fits in rhyme hi end rhyme a ni ta a ni. 

Internal/Medial Rhyme – Hla tlar khat chhûnga thumal lam rik inang awm ţhin hi a ni. ‘Hnukpui chahna ţahna ruamah’ – han tiha chahna leh tahna in rhyme ang hi. Beginning Rhyme – Hla tlar bula thumal in rhyme ang hi a ni. ‘Thlawn lovin nang nen leng ila, Dawn lungruk biahzai mi hlan rawh’ tiha ‘thlawn’ leh ‘dawn’ ang chi hi. Eye/Vision Rhyme – En thuaka in ang êm êm, rhyme hauh si lo an awm thei. Wind tih leh Bind han tihte hi in ang tak, rhyme hauh si lo an ni. Chak (strong) leh chak (eager) han tih ang chi hi Eye Rhyme chu a ni e. Single Rhyme thliak leh tliak tithe an awm a, double rhyme lungngui leh lungvui an awm bawk a. Triple Rhyme sa tin an hnawl tih leh iangin an zawl tihte a awm a, Perfect Rhyme chungtlak leh chungtlak thlengin an awm bawk.

A nih leh Word Play leh Pun kan tih hi eng nge an danglamna? Entirna hmangin lo sawi fiah dawn ta ila. Shakespeare-a lemchan ‘Richard III’ kan chhiar chuan, ‘Now is the winter of our discontent made glorious summer by this sun of York’ tih kan hmu ang. He thu-ah hian Lal ber Richard-a hian York fapa a nihzia a insawina hi Pun chu a ni a. Son tih aiah Sun (Ni) tih hmanga intielin thlasik leh nipui sik leh sa chu hun hlimawm loh leh hun nuam takah chhuahin, Word Play mawi tak kan hmu ta a nih hi.

Word Play chu thu leh hla hmanrua hmanga thu chaih kual a nih laiin, Pun erawh ţawngkam bungraw pangngai (Figure of Speech) niin, Word Play ang bawka in ţawng elna, Word Play chi khat a nihna kan hmu ta a nih hi. Hei hi ka sawi fiah thiam ve dan niin, aia thiam zawkte mit kan timim ang tih hlau tak chungin, ka han ziak ve ta duah a nih hi. Kei ai thlawta sawi fiah thiam leh dik zawk leh ţha zawka ziak thei an awm tih hre reng chunga min chhiarsak pawh ka duh hle a ni.

Roluaha’n, ‘A tukhuma hrik a zuk man’ tih hmanga hmeichhe er thei tak chungchang a han chei kual te, Lalnunsanga’n Computer Virus chungchang a sawinaa, ‘Vaiho indaihzaizia hi chu aw’ tih hmanga Vai tih thumal a han cheibawl kual te, inthiarna paha online a hratzia, ‘Kâr khat chhûng a è lo’ tia a han chei hlimawm te, pa pakhat thingtuah alh duhzia, ‘alh ţha duh tak a ni, ţhelh nghal char char a ngai’ tia a han chei nuihzatthlakte hi Word Play hriat thiam nân chuan a ţha hle awm e.  

𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐦 𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐬𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐡-𝐚 𝐏𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐨𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐲 𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐮𝐢 - 𝐋𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐧, 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟐 𝐥𝐞𝐡 𝐌𝐢𝐳𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐦 𝐡𝐢.

Milton, tunah la dam ni teh la aw,
England chuan a mamawh êm êm che hi,
Dum, chirh uiha khat tlat ang lo niin,
A sakhuana, sipai chakna, thu hla,
A in ropui, a inchhuanna zawng zawng,
A hlimna kulhpui nen a chim tak hi!
Mahni hmasialnain kan khat ta bawk,
Tho la, kan hnenah lo kir leh teh khai,
Nun dan dik min han zirtir leh ang che,
Nang chu hmar arsi ang maia duhawm,
Tui fawn ri anga thu ropui sawi thei,
Vanthengreng anga thianghlim leh ropui,
Pathian hriatna nena laitual lêng ţhin,
Inngaitlâwm taka thângchhuah i nih kha! 

French Revolution sulhnu râpthlâk tak takte a hmuna a va hmuhpui hnuin, Romantic Poet ropui berte zinga mi William Wordsworth-a chu chau leh ngui takin London lamah a kir leh hnak hnak a. French mipuite’n an chunga rorêltute an paihthlâk dan, lal leh rorêltute’n mipui retheihna leh pachhiatna hre lék lova nuam an tawlna, mipui chunga hleih nei taka ro an rêlna leh mipui chunga tawrhna an thlentir zozaite chuan mipuite kai harhin, an lal leh rorêltute chungah dimna leh lainatna tel hlek lovin phuba an la ta kha a ni a. Kan ram pawh hetiang renga kan kal zel a nih chuan, History repeats itself tih hi a taka tawng ve thei reng kan ni ta!

He Sonnet hi Italian hla hril phuah dan, Petrarchan Sonnet an tih hmanga rem niin, a rhyme scheme chu ABBAABBACDDECE a ni. Iambic Pentameter (unstressed/stressed) hmanga tlar tin hi rem an ni. Chu mi awmzia chu, lambi hnih zela lambi hmasa zawk hi ri hniam, a lambi hnihna ri sâng hmanga rem tihna mai a ni. Mahse, Wordsworth-a hian a hla tlara thumal ţhenkhat erawh, Iambic ni lo, Trochees (stressed/unstressed) zawka rem a nei nual! A hla bul ţanna thumal, Mil/ton tih pawh hi Iambic ni lovin Trochess a nih daih hi! Ţhangthar zinga thu leh hla lama ţhangharh mêkte’n, awmze neia hla phuah kan ngam a hun ve ta hle mai.

Hla hril hi amah ngawtin a mawiin hna a thawk thei ngai lo a. Hla rua leh hla chei mawina hmanraw chi hrang hrang ruai thiam apiangte hla hian, ngaihsân an hlawh bakah hla hril ropui an nihna an hril ţhin. London, 1802-ah pawh hian Wordsworth-a hian hla thu chei mawina chi hrang hrang a leklam nual a. He hla hril bulţanna thumal, Milton tih hi Apostrophe (mihring emaw thil dang, thi tawh emaw a tak awm lo sawina) a ni nghal a. A chhan pawh Wordsworth-a’n he hla hril a phuah lai hian, Milton-a hi kum tam tak liamtaah a boral tawh vang a ni. 

He hla hrila tlar thumna kan en chuan, England khawpui chu Wordsworth-a hian dum nen a tehkhin thu kan hmu a. She (England) is a fen tiin, hla hril chei mawina Metaphor kan hmu a nih hi. Simile leh Metaphor hi tehkhin/khaikhinna hmanrua ve ve mah ni se, hriat pawlh awl tak an ni roh a. Rose pâr a iang e, Rose pâr ang a ni (She is like a rose) tia tehkhinna hi Simile niin, Metaphor nena a danglamna kan hmu thiam thei ang. Hla hril tlar 9-naah pawh, Thy soul was like a star tiin, Milton-a chu vanthengrenga arsi danglam leh êng bik nen a rawn tehkhin a nih hi. Tlar 10-naah pawh a voice whose sound was like a sea tih kan hmu bawk. 

He hla hrilah vek hian Wordsworth-a hian England chu mihring angin a rawn Personify bawk. England hath need of thee: she is a fen, tiin England chu hmeichhia angah a rawn chhuah a. Hla hril chei mawina kan hman thiam loh pâwl tak tur, sentence laklawh laia chawlh awm miah lova thu chheh dan; Enjambment an tih pawh Wordsworth-a’n a hla tlar hnihna - she is a fen leh tlar thumna - Of stagnant waters sawi chhunzawm nân a hman dan khi i hmu thiam em?  Tlar hnihna tawpah hian coma (,) a dah miah lova nih hi! Tlar 5-na tawp leh tlar 6 bulţannaah pawh a hmang bawk tih i hmu thiam tawh mai em? 

Hla hril chei mawi nân hian, hla rua hmanga thil ţhenkhat, an hming hmerh hmang si lova ţawngkam dang hmanga an nihna sawina ang hi Metonym an ti a. Wordsworth-a pawhin England kohhran, sipai chakna leh thu leh hla, a in leh lo sawi nân - altar, sword, and pen, Fireside tih thumalte a rawn hmang ta a ni. Tun hnaiah PC Thangzikpuia Grammar lehkhabu chuan nasa takin thu leh hla huangah harh tharna a rawn thlen ta a. A bik takin grammar kan lo hriat ţhan dan leh, thumal ziah zawm leh ziah zawm loh chungchang thua inkaihhruaina kan hman mêkte chu, heti zawk hian tiin kawng thar min rawn kawhhmuh ta a.

Dungtawia’n (JF Laldailova) Bible Thlirna lehkhabu a tihchhuah achinah, PC Thangzikpuia lehkhabu ang reng renga inhnialna chawk chhuak nasatu lehkhabu a la chhuak lo a nih hi! Thu leh hla khawvelah inhnialna ropui tak tak leh ngaihnawm tak tak chhiar tur an piang ta zawih zawih a. A lawmawmin, Zofate thu leh hla khawvelin bung thar a kai tih loh rual a ni lo. Mahse, ziah zawm leh ziah zawm loh chungchang thuah ngawt kan thu leh hla a tawp ang tih a hlauhawm a. Rhetoric, Prosody leh Figure of Speech pawimawhnate leh hman thiam dan kawngah tun aia kan ţhangharh hunah, kan thu leh hlate’n bung thar lehzual an kai chauh ang tih ţhangtharte’n i hri ang u.

He hla hril ka han lak chhuah chhan hi, tun huna kan ram dinhmun thlir chunga ţah hla phuah hran tawh lova, Wordsworth-a hla hril hmanga lûngngaihna han puan chhuah ka duh vang liau liau a ni! Industrial Revolution kha 1970 aţanga rawn inţana, kum 80 vel lai daih hmasawnna kawnga mihringte kan ţhanharh lai hun a ni a. He hunah pawh hian England kha nasa takin a ţhang lian a. Mimal nun a ţhang a, vantlâng nun pawhin chak takin hmasawnna lamtluang a zawh bawk. Chutih mêk lai si chuan, mihring chhûngril nunah tlâkchhiatna nasa tak a rawn thleng tel ta tlat si a ni!

Ram buai a han reh hnu, UT aţanga State-a hlankai kan nih hnuah, Zofate pawhin chak takin hmasawnna lamtluangah ke kan pen hmawk hmawk a. Hma kan sawn chak poh leh England mipuite ang bawkin, mahni hmasialna leh duhamnain kan khat tlat emaw tih mai tur a ni zo ta a nih hi. Duma tui chu khawiah mah a luang chhuak thei lo a. Tui lo luang lut lah a awm bawk hek lo. Chuvangin, rei rial lovin duma tui leh chirhte chu an uih thâng huam tawh mai a ni. Chutiang chiah chu England leh a chhûnga cheng mipuite nihna a nih thu, Wordsworth-a hian min hrilh ta a ni. Mizoram leh Zofate nen danglamna reng kan awm lo! 

Changkanna leh hmasawnna hnuaiah nunphung hloh zovin, mihringa ţhatna leh duhawmna awm ve zawng zawng, felna leh dikna, thianghlimna leh rinawmna zawng zawng nen, diriam tak leh lainatna nei hauh lovin kan nun ata khaw laiah kan ui thisâwn paih ta hmak hmak a. Chutiang dinhmuna England a han ding ta mai chu Wordsworth-a hian a thlir liam ngawt thei lo. Mangang takin a hui pap pap a, a tawpah kum zabi 17-na hun laia hla hriltu duhawm ber pakhat, John Milton-a thlarau chu chhanchhuahna hna rawn thawk turin a au ta láwm láwm a nih hi! 

Zep leh ih nei hauh lovin a hmangaih England chu mualpho thei ang berin, a suahsualna zawng zawng nen chhun ên vanglai takah a phawrh mualpho ta a! A nungchang mawi lo leh tenawm ber berte pawh khuh mawisak tumna pakhatmah a nei bawk hek lo. England-in a lo chapopui leh a chhuan êm êm; sakhaw mi tak a nihna te, indo thiam tak a nihna, thu leh hla thiam a nihna, a in leh lo ropuina zawng zawngte chu, a chhûngril nun a tlâkchhiat miau si avangin engmah lo mai a nihzia leh, chung a ropuinate chuan a tanna chirhdum aţanga an chhanchhuah theih si lohziate lam Milton-a hnenah hian a phawrh fai ta léng mai a ni! 

Tichuan, Milton-a hnenah ngenna urhsun tak thlen tain, England leh a chhûnga cheng mipuite chu, nun dan dik leh ţha, khawsak mawi leh zahawm rawn zirtir thar leh turin Milton-a hi a ţahawh  ta ngawih ngawih mai a ni! Milton-a England leh Zofate chenna Mizoram hian danglamna reng an nei ta lo. Chhûngkaw tinin suahsualna hliam kan tâwk a, kohhran upa leh pastawr chhûngkua pawh an bang bik chuang lo. Kan Kristiannain sual a ngam lo a, kan intih thlarau mina lahin sualna umbo turin thiltihtheihna a nei bawk hek lo. Veng tin inhungna kan biak inte chuan, thlarau damna min pe thei lo a.

Kan thuchah ngaihthlâk zozaite pawhin kan nun a siam ţha thei bawk hek lo. Lemchan dawhsana lemchang thiam ber ang maiin, kan pawn lam lan dan ngawtah chuan Hollywood kan kawtkaiah kan chhawp hi a ni hrim a. Mahse, kan hmaithinghâwng phena kan nihna erawh, dum hmuna chirh uih thâng huam ang maia tenawm leh bawlhhlawh a ni lawi si. Ram rorêltute leh kohhran hruaitute lah, nitin hri kai kan pun zawih zawih lai leh, thlanmuala vung thar kan chhuah nitin lai hian, harh dan tur dikin an harh chhuak thei bawk hek lo. Kan Baibulin damna lamtluang chiang taka min hrilh zawh turin, ke an pen thei hlawl lova nih hi! 

Wordsworth-a’n England leh mipui chhanchhuak tura Milton-a a auh lai hian, keini hian tu nge min chhanchhuak turin kan auh ve tak ang le? Auh tur dik pakhat chiah kan nei a, a lam erawh kan hawi thei si lova nih hi! Pu Zoramthanga, Pu Lalthanhawla leh Pu Lalduhawmateah hian Zoram damna pakhatmah a awm lo tih hre reng chungin, an lam kan hawi lui ţalh reng a. CM in nih chhawkate pahnih lah hian, a taka kan ram hruai dam tumna pakhatmah an nei lo tih pawh hre reng mah ila, an lam kan hawi lui hram zel a nih hi. Inngaihtlawmna nun kal tlanga sual simnaah chauh kan ram damna hi a awm tih hre mah ila, chu sual simnaah chuan chânna leh nih tur ang nih phâk lohna a awm tlat si avangin, Zoram hian dam ni hmêl reng a hmu ngai dâwn rih lo a ni hi! 

𝐓𝐇𝐋𝐀𝐋𝐄𝐑 𝐓𝐇𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐈𝐌 𝐑𝐄𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐖-𝐍𝐀

A rûk taka ka lo nghahhlelh êm êm, 𝐌𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐡𝐥𝐲 𝐎𝐧𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐏𝐨𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐲 𝐌𝐚𝐠𝐚𝐳𝐢𝐧𝐞/𝐉𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐥; 𝐓𝐡𝐥𝐚𝐥𝐞𝐫 𝐓𝐡𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐦 PDF File chhuak hmasa ber Gmail kaltlangin ka dawng nawlh a. Naupan laia masi present kan dawn kan han hawng tur, phûr ru tak, beisei nei ru chung sia kan hawng dá dá ang maiin, rei rial lovin ka han hawng nghal thuai a. A chhûngah chuan hla hril 20 lo awmin, Mizo hla hril 15 leh sap hla hril 5 an lo awm a.

He thla tin hla hril kut chhuak thu leh hla a lo pian theih nâna thawktu lian zual pathum; John Laltluangliana, Ramlawt Dinpuia leh Anita Vl Nunmawii-te online vekin pangpârţhi ka awrhtir nghal a. Anmahni biak pawh theihna leh tlawh pawh theihnate chu: Email : thlalerthlifim@gmail.com, Facebook : Thlaler Thlifim, Instagram : thlaler_thlifim Website : www.thlalerthlifim.blogspot.com an ni.

Thuhmahruaiah hian tun hnaia hla hrilin Mizo thu leh hla huanga hma a sawn chak dan tlangpui rawn thai zâwr zâwrin, hla hril hlang chuanna lehkhabu leh online media inkâr awl zau tak an ngaihmawh vanga hma an lak dan chanchinte chu, kan tun lai thu leh hla khawvel chiahtu chanchinte ang lo takin, ngaihnawm ti zetin ka chhiar thla a. Hla hril phuahtute chuan an online journal lamah hian in kut chhuak han thehlut chûr chûr mai teh u le.

Khawvelin thu leh hla a hmêlhriat tirh ata, Hebrai hla hril dahkhawmna (baibul)-in khawvel a hnehlak a, thu leh hla fir bera khawvelin hla hril a dah dan leh, hla hril hmanga Greek-in ram a lak chhoh a, saphovin an lo ta neih tak mai huangah ngampa tak maia kan ţhalai an han sapatal ngam ta hian min tilawm takzet a ni. Hla hril hi zawngin khawvel hranpa hlak a nei a, chu khawvela zuk liluh pha chin nih ngawt pawh, inchhuanna tham tling khawp a nih tawh laiin, hla hril phuahtu nih phak ropuizia hi sawi maia fiah chi a ni lo.

Thinlunga khat liam, tisa pen tin fan chhuaktu, ruh leh thlîng phel hrang khawp hiala min chimtu khawvel chanchinte chu, hla hril mawlmang leh hriat fiah awlsam tak te, hla hril ûn leh thûk pui pui hmangtein mi fate’n, mi fate vek an lo dawi â-in, an lo chhem mur séng séng tawh ţhin a. Zawlnei Ezekiela hian a va han sawi fiah thiam tak êm! ‘𝑨𝒏𝒅 𝒃𝒆𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅, 𝒚𝒐𝒖 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎 𝒍𝒊𝒌𝒆 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒘𝒉𝒐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 𝒍𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒇𝒖𝒍 𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒔 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒂 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒇𝒖𝒍 𝒗𝒐𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝒘𝒆𝒍𝒍 𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 …’ I mawi tihdan berin lo letling ve ta mai che aw!

Mahse, hla hril phuahtu nihna erawh lawilo dawrpuiah pawh hralh kal lo ber tur a nih sizia, Robert Graves-ate’n kum 1946 daih tawh khân, ‘𝑻𝒐 𝒃𝒆 𝒂 𝒑𝒐𝒆𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒂 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒇𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏’ tiin a lo sawi hnâwm daih tawh a. A chhan pawh he hla hril phuahtu huang hi chu, khuarel mawina vanga lunglênna leh khawharna khawvelin a zem ât tlat te, mipa leh hmeichhe inkâra hmangaihna khawvelin tui lian ang maia a lak tak váwn váwn te, lungngaihna chirhdupa tla lut a, malna khawvel nena inţhian ţhate chenna hmun a nih tlat vang a ni. 

Chu khawvel aţanga hla fir rawn chhuak tawn chin reng rengte chu a tak ngâih a, kum thum zu ang maia fir ţha an nih tawh tlat avangin, ‘𝑷𝒐𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒐 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆. 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒎𝒖𝒔𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆, 𝒃𝒖𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒆 𝒂𝒄𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒂𝒓𝒕’ tiin Thomas Hardy-ate ang chuan lallukhum an lo khum thiamtir diam tawh reng a nih kha. Mit khawhmuhna inang renga mi pahnihin an thil thlir kha, hla hril phuah thiam chuan ‘𝑷𝒐𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒚 𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒊𝒍 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒉𝒊𝒅𝒅𝒆𝒏 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒖𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒍𝒅, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒓 𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒔 𝒃𝒆 𝒂𝒔 𝒊𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒚 𝒘𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒇𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒓’ tia PB Shelly-a’n a lo sawi angin khawvel dangah min hruaiin, min chentir thei ta bik ţhin a nih hi.

Chutiang taka hla hril ropui, mi hneh thei, mi zial â tlat thei, ngaihtuahna khawvela danglamna thlentir theitu ni tura hla hril lo chhuah dan chu, William Wordsworth-a’n, ‘𝑷𝒐𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒖𝒍 𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔: 𝒊𝒕 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚’ a tih ang a nih miau avangin, hla hril phuahtute hlutna chu a chhiartu apiang nunah a hlutna, a mawina, a rilna leh a awmzia a danglam ta ţhin a. Chutiang taka thiltithei thu leh hla chu van Pathian meuh pawhin do ngam lovin, Babel in sâng sak lai khan an ţawng a tihhransak ta ringawt a nih reng kha! 

Chu ti taka chakna thurûk pai a nihna chu Setana meuh pawhin a hai lohzia, ‘𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒍 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝑺𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒑𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒑𝒖𝒓𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒆’ tiin kan thiampuipa William Shakespeare meuhin min hrilh tak hial chu! Nipui hnah ţil er er mai, ‘𝑹𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒔 𝒅𝒐 𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒃𝒖𝒅𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑴𝒂𝒚’ tia min mitthlatir er ertu William Shakespeare-a Sonnet 18-te reng hian khawvel dam chhûng hriat a hlawh tawh dawn a nih hi. Mahse, Shakespeare-a meuh pawhin a tluk loh Mizo hla hril mawina erawh kan mitin a la hmu thiam meuh si lo!

‘𝑵𝒐𝒘 𝑰 𝒔𝒆𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒚𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔’ tia tawrhna khawvel, All's Well That Ends Well lemchan kaltlanga a sawi ai chuan,

𝑻𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒑𝒖𝒊 𝒎𝒂𝒘 𝒌𝒂 𝒉𝒎𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒉𝒖𝒂𝒏 𝒆 𝒍𝒖𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆̂𝒏 𝒄𝒉𝒖,
𝑲𝒉𝒂𝒘𝒕𝒍𝒂̂𝒏𝒈 𝒏𝒂𝒖 𝒂𝒏𝒈 ţ𝒂𝒉 𝒍𝒂𝒊 𝒏𝒖𝒂𝒎 𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆.

𝑨 ţ𝒉𝒂 𝒍𝒂𝒘𝒉𝒍𝒆̂𝒏𝒈 𝒌𝒂 𝒕𝒂𝒘𝒏 𝒃𝒊𝒂𝒌 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈 𝒓𝒆𝒎 𝒍𝒐 𝒗𝒆,

- tih hlate hian Zopa lairil a fan thûk zawk daih a.

𝑵𝒆𝒊𝒉𝒄𝒉𝒉𝒂𝒘𝒏𝒈 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒆̂ 𝒎𝒂𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈 𝒍𝒂̂𝒎 𝒆,
𝑯𝒎𝒆̂𝒍 𝒅𝒊 𝒍𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒍𝒆𝒉 𝒓𝒆̂𝒍 𝒑𝒖𝒂𝒏 𝒎𝒊 𝒉𝒍𝒂𝒏 𝒆,
𝑴𝒊 𝒖̂ 𝒌𝒉𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒊̂𝒎 𝒉𝒏𝒖 𝒏𝒂𝒖 𝒂𝒏𝒈 ţ𝒂𝒑 𝒆.

- tihte hian min vel lungrûn zawk daih si a! Tichuan, Thlaler Thlifim chhûnga hla hril awmte hi han thlir zuai zuai ila. Hla hril ţha tak tak; thupui hrang hrang kan hmu a. Ka tun lai khawvel mil fahrana Lalnunfeli’n, 

i realised
once and for all
i had to let go

- a tihte hian min zuk nghawng nâ deuh ber rih a! Free Verse hmanga hla phuah a tam zual a, hei hi a ţhat rualin ţan min laktirtu erawh ni thei se a duhawm ngawt ang. Poetry Form hrang hrang hmanga hla phuah remkhawm thla tin chhiar theih tur neih han hlut turziate ka mitthla a.

Chutih rual erawh chuan mimalin zalenna kan nei vek a. Chu kan zalenna hmang chuan kan thinlunga kan thu leh hla pai kan bun chhuah mawlh mawlh tluka hlu erawh a awm chuang lo. Chuti chungin, hla hril hian kalhmang a neih miau avangin, mi bik leh mi bik lo erawh kan kut chhuak kaltlangin a hriat hleih hlek dawn tihna erawh a ni kan ti thei awm e.

Zofate thu leh hla huangin a chim sân lai ber chu, tlar thum zai (Puma zai etc) an phuah hun lai kha a lo ni, ti hiala pipute thu leh hla mawina leh duhawmzia lo hmutu JF Laldailova mit ang pu ţhangthar lo piang zawih zawih rawh se. Kawng khat chiahin fuihna thu erawh sawi ta ila. ‘𝐈𝐧𝐳𝐢𝐫 𝐥𝐚, 𝐢𝐧𝐳𝐢𝐫 𝐢𝐧𝐳𝐢𝐫 𝐧𝐚𝐰𝐧 𝐥𝐞𝐡 ţ𝐡𝐢𝐧 𝐫𝐚𝐰𝐡’ tih hian englai pawhin hla hril phuahtute min chenchilh reng rawh se. 

𝐒𝐡𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐞-𝐚 𝐥𝐞𝐡 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐦𝐚𝐫 !

       Khawvel awm chhûng zawnga ziaktu ropui bera chhal reng fo tur, William Shakespeare-a khan a dam laia a kut chhuak hrang hrangah khan ţawngkam bungrua 34,000 chuang a hmang hman nia chhut a ni a. Mi lehkha thiam pangngaite thumal hman let hnih thâwka tam hmang anga ngaih a ni.

        Chu mai bakah thumal chher chhuah tam kawngah a zak bal buan pha pawh an awm bawk hek lo. Thumal thar diai 1700 a chher chhuak a nih kha. Mahse, chuti chung si chuan a lemchan kan en chuan, more strong, more strange, more sweet, tihte kan hmu hnem hle lawi si!

       Comparative Degree sawinaah hian adjective thumalah chuan stronger, stranger, sweeter tihte hman tur niawm zawk tak a ni tlat. Who leh whom a hman danah ringawt pawh mit tikham tak tak hmuh tur a awm nual a. King Lear kan en chuan, Who wouldst thou serve? tih te, To who, my lord? tih te kan hmu nulh nulh ang. Antony & Cleopatra kan en pawhin, Who does he accuse? a ti nulh nulh a nih hi! 

       Whom would thou serve, To whom my lord, whom does he accuse, tih tur niin alang tlat a nih hi. Mahse, Shakespeare-a hunah hian grammar hman dik chaih chaih khan vantlâng nunah mi zahawm a nihtir tlat lo. Kum 1762-a A Short Introduction to English Grammar chhuah a nih hnu lamah erawh chuan English pachal inti ve chin ngatin, a kâ a ân apianga grammar a chhep sual a nih vaih chuan, a rûka nuihzat a hlawh ta mai ţhin!

       Mahse, hetih rual vek hian Shakespeare-a grammar thiamzia hi hrilfak tling a ni tlat lawi bawk si. A SHAKESPEARE GRAMMAR (PART 1) John H. J. Westlake han thlirte hian Shakespeare-a hi grammar-a kan hnualsuat vaih chuan, kan tisual thei lawi si dawn a ni. Hei hian eng nge min hmuhtir tak ber? Elizabethan Era chhûngah khan thu ziaktu ropui nihna chu grammar-ah a innghat ber lo, tiin kan sawi thei mai awm e.

       ‘This was the most unkindest cut of all’ tihte hi han en ta ila. Grammar chheh dik ai mahin lyrical qualities kan hmu zawk a nih hi. Superlative degree hmannaah 'most' la hman ţalh thu a a lo! Mahse, Shakespeare-a hunah hian sap ţawng kha nasa takin a ţhang mai chauh a ni rih a.

      Engvangin nge Shakespeare-a khan grammar dik lo taka hmanna a neih kan tih chuan, a hun lai khan grammar dân zam mumal a la awm miau lo a ni. Awm ni ta se, a zawm ngei ang tih a rinawm hliah hliah a. Kum zabi 18-na a lo nih khan, Dr Samuel Johnson-a Dictionary kha, 1755-ah lo chhuakin chutah chuan chiang takin thumal awmzia leh rem dan phung dik a rawn tarlang ta a.

     Kum 1700 hma lama Elizabethan Poets-ho kut chhuak, hun danglam ang zela thumal chheh dan danglam theia ngaihna kha a rawn ţhiatin, grammar hman dik ţobul a rawn piang ta a ni kan ti thei awm e. Ziaktu tân chuan grammar pawimawhna chu thlauhthlak a thiang lo tluk a lo ni ta a ni.

      Mafaa khan vawi khat chu Elizabethan Poet ţhenkhat kut chhuak hmanga grammar a ni ber lo e, tih lam hawi a ziak an ti a. Ka chhiar lem lo nangin, a sawi dikna chen a awm tih kan hmuh thiampui thei mai awm e. Mahse, Elizabethan Era hnu lama grammar hman dik a nihna a sawi lo a nih thung chuan, grammar pawisa lotu chuan khawvel ngaihah thiam a chang thei ngai lo ang.

      Grammar dân mumal zial mum tawh hnua English Poets kut chhuak zirbingtute'n hei hi an sawi fiah thei ngei pawhin a rinawm. Grammar a ni ber lo tih ngaihdan nei tawh ţhin ka ni a. Chu ka ţanfung chu a rintlak reng em tih ka zir hnua he thu hi chawpchilh taka Phone-a ka ziah a nih avangin, kimchang lo hle mah se, grammar dân zial mum a awm miau chuan, grammar ngaih pawimawh ngei tur, tih hi ka thutlukna a ni.

      Grammar chungchanga inhnialna hi ka chhiar ve ţhin a. A dik zawka ziah dan a awm reng lai pawha, ka ziah dan chu ka thu thu la ti an awm fo mai. An duh danin an ziak thei ngei e, belh chêt erawh a dawl famkim ngai lo ang tih hre thung rawh se.

𝑻𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒛𝒊𝒌𝒑𝒖𝒊𝒂 𝒍𝒆𝒉 𝑴𝒊𝒛𝒐 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒎𝒂𝒓-𝒂 𝒕𝒉𝒖 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒖𝒉!

            Thu leh hla khawvela ziaktu ropui ber tia chhal ngam William Shakespeare-a khan, a dam laiin he nihna nen hian sawizawm a la ni ngai ang tih reng a hre phak bik lo. Mahse, kum 1630 chhovah Ben Jonson-a lo langin, “Ziaktu tam tak chuan Shakespeare-a khan a kutchhuak tlar tinah sawisel kai thu leh hla pakhatmah a nei miah lo kha a ropuina a ni, an ti ţhin. Kei chuan, ‘Duh leh tlar sâng chuang pawh ziah dik loh lo nei ang hmiang’ tia ka chhanna chu, amah tihhmingchhiatnaah an ngai ţhin” tiin, Shakespeare-a kha a rawn faksel (Critic) chho ta a.

Eng nge Shakespeare-a kutchhuak fel lo laite chu? A lemchan kan en chuan, more strong, more strange, more sweet, tihte kan hmu hnem hle! Comparative Degree sawinaah hian adjective thumalah chuan stronger, stranger, sweeter tihte hman tur a ni tlat. Who leh whom a hman danah ringawt pawh mit tikham tak tak hmuh tur a awm nual a. King Lear kan en chuan, “Who wouldst thou serve?” tih te, “To who, my lord?” tih te kan hmu nulh nulh ang. Antony & Cleopatra kan en pawhin, “Who does he accuse?” a tih nulh nulh hi! Shakespeare-a hunah English Grammar mumal a la awm miau lo tlat!

Samuel Jonson-a pawhin, “Vawi tam tak tihsual a nei ţhin. A lemchanah, 'Caesar, thou dost me wrong.' tia an sawi, 'Caesar did never wrong but with just cause;' tia a han chhantirte hi a nuihzatthlak hle. Mahse, Shakespeare-a kha zawng hunbi hnuaia mi ni lovin, khawvel dam chhûng daih a ni zawk si a” tia a kutchhuah a chinsak aţang te, John Milton-a’n ‘An Epitaph on the admirable Dramaticke Poet, W.Shakespeare’ a tihchhuaha ‘On Shakespeare’ hla hril a phuah aţang te, Thomas Rymer-a’n nâ taka a lemchan ziah ‘Othello’ a chin pawrsak leh mi tam tak fakselna aţangte’n Shakespeare-a tak kan hmu chauh a nih hi.  

JF Laldailova'n Zarmami hnenah, 'Kan ramah hian bomb ka la thlak dawn alawm...' tia JF-a Love Letter lehkhabu kaltlanga lehkha a ziah ang takin, 70's chhovah Baibul lehlin dan leh Zosapthara sulhnua grammar dik tawk lo dan a han lipse zet kha chu, mupuia ralsai a tawk hnäng awl awl mai a nih kha! Kha tih hun lai kha Mizo thu leh hlain a tawn sân lai tak pakhat, Criticism huangah pawh hun ropui lai ber pakhat tih loh theih a ni lo. Mizo zingah lehkhabu sual chhuak ve thei mai an tam sawt hle a, a lawmawm. Criticism thiltihtheihna erawh hmuh tur a awm meuh thung lo! 

Mafa-a’n JF-a min han thlirtir tak tak mai a, JF-a sulhnu la bih ngai miah lote pawhin Mizo thu leh hla huangah na ná nâ chuan JF-a kha a chungnung ber zingah an ngai hmak mai a nih hi! Zarmami hnena a lehkhathawn mi tam takin an chhiar tawh laiin, sap ţawng a thiamzia zir thiam lo pawhin, Limerick (infiamna hla hril) phuah a hnehsawhzia leh kawng dang danga Mafa-a’n min hmuhtir vang ringawtte khan, JF-a kha sap ţawng thiam chungchuangah an ngai hmiah thei a nih kha. Tun hma lama Mizo thu leh hla (Literature) tihausatu ber pakhat chu, thu leh hla inchuh vanga inhnialna lo piang ţhin kha a ni.

Hla phuahtu dik zawk nia hriat vanga thu inchuh te, mimal anga thu inchuhnate khan, thu leh hla huangah mi tam tak a hruai luh phah ţhin. Revd Chuauţhuama leh PC Biaksiama te thu inchuh angte kha a ngaihnawm ţhin teh e! Kum zabi 20-naah erawh thu inchuh thawm lian tham a awm meuh lo a ni ber. Thu leh Hla Monthly lamah chhiar tur a awm zeuh zeuh chauh a. Mahse, nikum khan PC Thangzikpuia'n Grammar Bu a han tichhuak ta thut mai a! Kum 1921 khan FJ Sandy-a’n Lushai Double Adverb, Grammar bu hmasa ber tichhuak a.

Mizo irawm Grammar lehkhabu hmasa ber erawh 1974-a Pu Buchhawna’n Lusei Grammar kha a ni thung. Kum 1586-a William Bullokar-a'n Grammar bu pan tê, Latin Grammar zulzuia a tihchhuah aţanga English Grammar lo piang chho ang bawkin Mizo Grammar pawh hi sapho entawna duan a ni ve a. Tichuan, Pu Buchhawna aţanga Grammar bu hnuhnung ber ni rih PC Thangzikpuia Grammar lehkhabu inkârah hian ka hriat theih chinah; Pute Remkunga, K. Zawla, SL& PB, Rev ZT Sangkhuma, B. Lalthangliana, MBSE, leh Lalzarzova Khiangte-te hian Mizo Grammar lehkhabu an tichhuak ta a ni.

Thangzikpuia lehkhabu danglam bik chhan leh inhnialna nasa tak chawk thotu a nihna chu; ‘Ziah ţhin dan aiin Grammar Dân zawkin le’ tih hi a ni. Hei zet hi chuan mi tam tak sahuatah tak a zuk deng ta a. Thangzikpuia kahna, diriamna, nuihzatna, tielna leh fiamthu thawhna chhiar tur kan hmu ta zût reng mai a ni. Chutih rual vekin amah ţantu leh thlawptu lam pawh an bùk ţha ngang mai. Amah thlawptu zingah hian JF-a fapa, Makima (JF Jr) leh Revd Chuauţhuama te pawh a phusa pawl an ni chho ta hial a ni. Thangzikpuia hian Grammar-a harh tharna a rawn thlentir phut tih loh rual a ni lo. 

Mizo ţawnga thumal rem dan, ziah zawm leh ziah zawm loh chungchangah ngaihdan thar a rawn vawrh chhuak ta a. Parts of Speech hrang hrangte inlaichin dan azira thumal ziah zawm leh zawm loh tur, entir nân; Noun Phrase leh Noun Clause chungchang bikahte hian Grammar Dân a tih hmanga thumal a phel hran nasat êm avangin, mi tam tak an buai phah ta a ni! Kan mi hmasate ngaihdan pawh kha a rual chuang lo. Rev. ZT. Sangkhuma leh C. Chhuanvawra chuan an lehkhabu-ah 'Sâpṭawng' tia an ziah zawm laiin, JF. Laldailova leh Rozama Chawngthu chuan ziah zawm lohin 'Sâp ṭawng' tiin an ziak ve thung a.

“Heta thumal pahnih inkawpah hian 'ṭawng' hi Common Noun a ni a, amah mai hi chuan eng ṭawng nge tih leh tute ṭawng nge tih a chian loh avangin, Adjective hmangin 'ṭawng' hi eng ṭawng nge tih emaw, tute ṭawng nge tih emaw kha sawi fiah a lo ṭul ta a. Tichuan, noun thumal vêk 'Sâp' tih hi 'ṭawng' sawi fiahtu 'Nounal Adjective' atân hian kan hmang a; noun leh amah sawi fiahtu Adjective chu grammar dânah ziah zawm chi a nih ngai loh avangin, ziah zawm lohin 'Sâp ṭawng' tia ziah tur hi a ni tih kan hre ta a” tiin ţanfung, Mizo Grammar dân a tih hmangin a rawn vawrh ta a ni.

“Tu emaw leh tute emaw ziah dân aṭanga Mizo ṭawng ziah dân tur ruangâm hi din chi a ni ngai lo tih a lang chiang ta a; chuvangin, Mizo ṭawngin grammar a neih ve hmangin engtia ziah tur nge tih hi kan bih chian a ṭul ta ṭhin zâwk a ni” tiin, hnamin kalphung ngheta kan lo neih thumal ziah dan chu ţhiah a rawn tum ta a. “Grammar tel lova Mizo ţawng ziah dan dik zirna reng reng hi chu, mumanga ruai ţheh ang chauh a ni. Eng ang pawhin ei tam mah ila, a puar theih loh!” tia kalphunga ziak dan kan lo neih chu, lainatna tel miah lovin a rawn nuhrawn ben ta a, nâ ti fe fe an tam ta reng a ni! 

He thu inchuh vanga an inhnialna ngaihnawm tak takte avangin mi tam takin Grammar an ngaihven thar phah ta a. Thu inchuh a nâ tial tial a, ţawngkam feikibar hmangin an in khawh tawn ta zuai zuai mai a! Chu mai chu duh tawk lovin, July ni 7 khan Grammar kaihhnawih pawl pathum; Mizo Grammar Society, Zoţawng Humhalhtu Pawl, Mizo Ţawng Hmang Dik Pâwl tihte chu, ni khat thil thuah an ding rual ta ţhawt mai a ni! Hei ringawt pawh hian ngaihdan a saisa nuaihzia leh an inlungrual tlan lohzia min hmuhtir chiang hle a, chuvangin he buaina hi chinfel a ngai ta a ni. 

Revd Chuauţhuama’n, “Mizo ṭawng Grammar thiam intiho rau rauah chuan ani hian a thiam ril/thûk deuh ber mai àwm mang e, tih tùr khawpin ṭan chhan fel tak neiin a sawi fiah thiam zél mai” a tih ang hian, kan ţawng ziah dan kawnga thuneitu sâng MLC emaw, a buatsaih thei apiangin Thangzikpuia leh a Grammar sawiseltute pual hian inhnialna (Debate), Seminar etc buatsaih thei se, kan ţawng inzial mum mek tân hian nasa takin kawngro a sut ngei ka ring. A nih si loha tu mah inhmin tawn chuang si lova inhnial reng mai hian, mipuite min tibuai tulh tulh dawn a nih tak hi!

𝐋𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞-𝐚𝐡 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐦𝐚𝐫 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐰𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐰𝐡 𝐞𝐦 ?

(Grammar Vs Poetry/Prose)

Mihringin kawng engkima a mihrinna, mite hmuh theih tura thu leh hla hmanga a puan chhuahna hmanrua hi Literature (Thu leh Hla) chu a ni mai a. Mahse, thumal rem khawm nazawngte hi Literature huangah, mi tlem tê tih loh chuan an khung leng ngawt lo. Kalphung neia thu leh hla ziah chhuah dan ţhenkhat erawh, Literature khawvelah themthiamna (art) chi khata ngaih a ni ta bik a. 

Chu khawvela hlawhtlinna chu mimal anga thu leh hla themthiamnaa innghat a nih tlat avangin, mimalin fak tlak, hlutawm leh chawimawi phu khawpa themthiamna a neih chuan, thu leh hla khawvelah mi hlawhtling a ni mai ţhin. Literature lo pianna hmun nia ngaih hman lai Greek ramah kha chuan, thu leh hla hi chi thum: Hla hril (Poetry), Lemchan (Drama) leh Thu tluang (Prose) a ţhen hran an ni.

Heng Literature chi thum hnuaiah hian, thu leh hla ziarâng tam tak an la awm leh ta zel a. Thu leh hla khawvel mawitu mi chi thum; Ziaktu (Writer), Chhiartu (Reader) leh Fakseltu (Critic) an awm bawk. Thu leh hla chi thum zingah hla hril (poetry) hi thu leh hla fir ber, thianghlim ber leh urhsun bera a ngaih a ni. Mizo nawlpui thu leh hla chim chin erawh, a hnuhnung ber huang hi a ni thung!

Mizo Academy of Letters-in lehkhabu ţha ber a thlan tawhte aţanga ringawt pawh hian, Mizo Literature-in hma a sawn lutuk lohzia, chutih reng laia Pipute thu leh hla khawvela hla hril huang a chungnun lawrlak sizia hi, ţhangthar thu leh hla tui mi tam tak hriat loh niin alang. Tunah lek phei chuan zalenna changchawiin, hla hril tam zawkte hi, pangpâr ang maiin ni khatah an vuai nghal fur a nih hi!

Greek, Latin, Rome, khaw thlang sap-ho leh khaw chhak meng zimho thu leh hla te chuan, an hnam nun leh sakhaw biak milpui zelin, hla hril ziarâng hrang hrang; Lyrical, Epic, Ode, Ballad, Haiku, Tanka, Sonnet, Villanelle, Limericks etc an nei zel a. Italian, Shakespeare etc Sonnet hre hle si, Pipu tlar thum zai, Domangi zai, Lalruanga dawi hla, Dawn zai, etc ziarâng mumal fel tak nei thlip thlepte hre leh miah si lo! 

Tichuan, kan rama thu leh hla hlutna leh ropuina tehfung ber pakhat, Grammar vangin inhnialna a chhuah phah ta fo bawk! Hnam tin ţawng hian kaihruaitu Grammar, thumal chheh dan leh hman dan hriltu an nei vek a. Chutiang bawkin, thu leh hla ţawng (literary language) pawhin phuartu a nei ve ngei e. Mahse, chu chu Literature peng pawimawh ber zinga pakhat ve mai chauh a ni!

Grammar hi Literature innghahna bulthum, chu grammar aţang vek chuan thu leh hla ţha leh ropui lo chawr chhuak ta ang hiala ngai te an awm ta náwk a! Prose leh Poetry Literary Grammar pawh hnam a hrang ang bawkin, thil thuhmun an ni bawk hek lo. Grammar of Poetry-ah chuan thumal inlaichinna aţanga thu awmze danglam azirin, Chinese-ho chuan thumal inremna an neih lawi loh laiin, Latin leh Greek leh Sap hman dan a danglam daih a nih hi!

Chu inhnialna huang aţang chuan, Zonu chhûl chhuak zinga thu leh hla thiam berte zinga mi, Ţhuamtea Khawlhring chuan, “Language hi chu Grammar hmangin an zir ţhin a. Chu chu ’Dikna Ram’ ti pawhin kan sawi thei awm e. Literature erawh chu Grammar dân khirh pui pui aţanga tal chhuahna, zalenna ram a ni” tiin John Donne-a leh Wordsworth-a te thlavang hauh zawngin ţan a khawh ta!

Pu Ţhuamtea hi leilung danah pawh mi thiam ni pha chin niin, duhthawh takin, “Dikna ni lovin Mawina a lal tawh zawk ţhin. Grammar malmâk vek chuang si lova Rhetoric leh Prosody tuallena a ni. Tun laia Literature kan sukthlekpui duh dan filhţhiau mai, a ti awm miah lova a ruh hlang ringawt, mawina tel lo dikna chauh ang ngaih pawimawh hi, ka thiam ve zawng a ni lo” a tih phah ta hial a ni! 

A chin chhuakin : Chuvangin, Pu Ţhuamtea ţanfung hi a rintlak reng em, tih kan chhui dawn a ni. Homer-ate aţanga mi fing Plato-a leh Aristotle-a te meuh pawh inlungrual thei lova siamtu, Greek rama Literature awpkeu a nih phat ata inchaltauhna chawk chhuaktu, thu leh hla zial puitlingtu thumal rem chhuah danah ngaihdan chi hnih awm hi tarlangin, kan bûk tawn a ngai ta a ni.

Plato-a’n an hun laia hla phuahtu leh ziak mite nâ taka a sawiselnate, Aristotle-a’n Poetics lehkhabu hmanga a chhanlet aţangin thu leh hla fakselna, Literary Criticism pawh a lo piang ta a. Aristotle-a hian Literature hmelhmang chi hnih a rawn vawrh ta bawk a ni. Fel fai tak leh hriat thiam awl zawng (Expressive Composition)-a thu chheh leh, a ruh lang râwt lo zawnga thu chheh, chhui dawnna aţanga hriat fiah theih (Constructive Composition)-te an ni. 

Aristotle-a hian in leh lo ruangam din thiamin, uluk taka insak dan tur suangtuah kuala, a chhui dawnna lam hawi zawk hi thlawp mah se, a awlsam zawng leh felfai taka thu leh hla chhawp chhuah thiam hi a hnualsuat fithla tihna a ni chuang lo. Mahse, thu leh hla chhui dawn ngai leh awmze neite hrilh fiah kawnga inhnialna chawk chhuak theia Literature duan hi, a dah pawimawh zawk leh ngaih pawimawh zawk a ni ta a ni.

Tichuan, khaw thlang rama Literature a lo pian pawh khan, Aristotle-a’n a ngaihdan rawn vawrh pahnih sawi fiahna thûk tak nei lem lo mah se, Literature a thlir dan chi hnih bawkin bul a rawn ţan chho ta reng a. A danglam takna erawh chu, ngaihdan chipchiar zawk leh kawng hmang fel zawk a lo piang ta a ni mai. Prose cheina ţawngkam bungrua (Literary Language) ziarâng leh Poetry ruangam hrang hrang an lo piang ta a ni.  

Chutih rual deuh thaw chuan Literature ramri chhûnga grammar leh, thu leh hla chherna ţawngkam ziah chhuah dan chungchang thuah, zirtirna chi hnih a awm sa ve reng bawk a. Pakhat zawk chu Dân anga thu chheh duh (Analogists), kalphung mumal leh fel tak ngainatute niin, lehlamah tlema thiangzauho (Anomalists) an awm ve ta bawk a.

Greek, Latin leh Rome Literature chu Cerero-a, Demetrius-a, Horace-a leh Quintilian-ate’n hla thu hman dan leh hla ziarâng an duang chho ţan ta a nih kha. Renaissance hunah harh tharna lo piang mah se, Literature khawvel chu Greek leh Latin Grammar hnuaiah, kalphung duan sa hmangin a la kal auh auh a. A bikin Latin Grammar zula thu leh hla remtute hi, an tenau lo hle.

Spenser, Bacon, Marlowe, Ford, Johnson, leh Shakespeare-ate hming a intlar dul a nih kha. Danglamna kan hmuh tak erawh chu, sap ţawng thumal thar nasa takin a rawn piang ta kha a ni. Shakespeare-a’n thumal 1700 vel a chher chhuah laiin, Jonson-ate’n thumal 500 vel leh midang dangin an chher chhuahte khan, nasa takin English Literature leh an ţawng a tihausa ta a ni. 

Elizabethan Era hunah English Grammar bu leh inkaihhruaina mumal a awm loh avangin, Latin Grammar an hmang rim ber a. Shakespeare-a khan tun huna grammar dân hmanga teh tlin hleih theih loh tur, tihsual leh nuihzatthlak tak taka thu rem (a hranin ka ziah tawh kha) a neihte, Ben Jonson-a’n a rawn hailang ta a. Hei vang hian mi tam tak chuan grammar palzut thiang ve rengah an ngaih phah ta a ni.

Mahse, Jonson-a vek hian Shakespeare-a’n Latin Grammar a thiamzia, chu mi hmanga thu a chheh dan làm a tarlang leh lawi si a. Chuvang chuan a ni, Robert Graves-a’n, “Every English poet should master the rules of grammar before he attempts to bend or break them” tiin, grammar dân palzuttute’n tihluih, tih dik aia an thu leh hlain mi a hip zawkna turin, an thuneihna an hmang sual zauh ţhin. Ţawng hi pangpâr ni ta se, grammar tel lo chuan rimtui a chhuah lo ang, tih hian grammar pawimawhna a tarlang chiang ber awm e. 

Jacobian Hun lo thleng ve lehin, Elizabethan Poet-ho thu leh hla chheh dan ti thlip thlep chu, he huna Metaphysical Poet-ho chuan nâ takin an rawn tawn chho ta a. A hma zawnga hla thu un pui pui leh kawngkal bithliah thlip thlep chu a ţul ber lo tiin, John Donne-a leh a thurualpuite an lo lang chho ta a. Thumal mawlmang leh chhiar nuam, hriat thiam pawh awlsam siin, an thu leh hla an rem chho ta thung a.

  Mahse, Restoration Hun-ah chuan a ngaite bawkin hla an phuah chho leh ta a. John Dryden-a leh Alexander Pope-a te phei chuan hla thu chu mi narân hriat thiam loh a ni tur a ni an ti hial a. Mahse, Romanticism hunah a hnârkaitu ber William Wordsworth-a khan zalenna a tlangaupui piahah, Preface to the Lyrical Ballads lehkhabu a rawn tichhuak ta.

He lehkhabuah hian hla ziarânga a ngaihdan tarlangin, hla thu chu a mawl thei ang bera hman a rawn sawi mawi chho ve leh ta a. Thu leh hla thu te hi an hrang lo va, ahrang ahraia awm a ţul hek lo a ti hial a. Mahse, Coleridge-ate’n a ngaihdan an ţawmpui ve thei lo thung. Ţawng tuallêng leh hla thu rem dan chu a danglam ngei tur a ni, an ti a. Keini hunah TS Eliot-ate’n hla thu bik a awm lo, an rawn ti ta a nih hi.

He khawvelah hian Mizote aia hla rua nei mawi zawk leh hausa zawk hi an awm ang em, tiin ka ngaihtuah ţhin. Part – II-ah Pu Ţhuamtea ţanfung hi a rintlak reng nge, a rintlak loh, grammar leh literary language inlaichinna hi eng chiah nge tih, kan peih tak leh kan chhui leh dawn nia.

Literature leh ţawng : Kan pipute hun lai aţanga hla rua kan nei hrang thlap ang hian, hnam dangte pawhin hun hmasa lamah chuan ţawng tuallêng leh, thu leh hla rua an nei hrang thlap a. Khaw thlang ramte paw’n an khaw lai ţawng tuallêng hmanga an thu leh hla an ziah chhuah takna hun hi, kum zabi liamta mai kha a ni. Shakespeare-a’n a lemchana a ţawng hman ang hian, a hun laia Elizabethan mipuite kha an titi ngai lo.

Part I lamah thu leh hla ziah chhuahna thumal hman in danglam chhawk dan kan sawi tawh ang khan, a chângin awlsam leh mawlmang taka thu chheh an uar hnu lawkah, an thu chheh awmzia hriat fiah har tak zawnga kalphung a lo danglam leh ţhin dan kan hmu chho zut a nih kha. Chuti chungin mipui mimir titina ţawngkam erawh, thu leh hla ruaah an hmang mawh hle!

Sapho ţawng tuallêng hmanga Literature khawvela hlawhtlinna chang hmasatu chu Daniel Defoe-a Robinson Crusoe kha a ni an ti ţhin. Tichuan, Pu Ţhuamtea’n Literature chu grammar malmâk vek si lova Rhetoric leh Prosody tuallênna a ni, a lo tih lam kan hawi tawh dawn a ni. Eng nge Rhetoric chu ni a, Prosody pawh chu eng nge maw a nih reng reng le? 

Literary Language : Literature khawvelah hian zawhna pawimawh zet mai a awm a. Thu leh hla rua (Literary Language) kan tihte hi, ţawng tuallêng aţang veka rawn inzial mum ta em ni? tih hi a ni. Literature fiah taka tehkhin theihna chu ri mawi (music) hi a ni. Ri mawiah chuan ri inlalâwn (rhythm) te, thumal lam ri sâng leh hniam (tone-metre), thumal lam rik dan inang (rhyme), leh tlar tina thumal zat (syllable) etc te’n hla an siam pum ang chiahin, hla hril (poetry) pawh

Thu leh hla thiam bik riauna te, ţawnghmang thiamna, a hun leh hmun, thil tawn azir zela thu leh hla rua hman thiamna, chhiartu thinlung hneh theihna, hip theihna, thumal thlûk tin insep chhoh dan, thumal zat etc thlengin

Sapho grammar dik lo, hawrawppui chauh ni lote hi han en ta ula:

Happier they their happiness who knew - Shelley

Between You and I - Mark Twain

Shakespeare

And Benedick is not the unhopefullest husband that I know.

—Much Ado About Nothing

And so may I, blind fortune leading me, miss that which one unworthier may attain, and die with grieving.

—The Merchant of Venice

He and Aufidius can no more atone than violentest contrariety.

—Coriolanus

Hetiang deuha thumal chheh dik lo ang hi, kan mi thiamte zingah hmang sual an awm ve ngai pawh ka hre mang tlat lo a ni.

Hla hril phuahtu leh ziaktu ropui tak tak zingah, Grammar inthununtir duh miah lo an awm nual mai. A bikin American-ho an ni zual a. EE Cummings-ate khan Punctuation hmang dik lo mah se, a dam lai khan a thu leh hla vangin chawimawi 10 lai a dawng tho. A American-pui William Faulkner-a pawh Grammar palzuttu ni mahse, 1949 khan Nobel Prize for Literature a dawn bakah, Pulitzer Prize pawh vawi hnih lai a dawng thei tho! 

𝐑𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐏𝐨𝐞𝐭𝐬 𝐂𝐡𝐡𝐮𝐢𝐳𝐚𝐮𝐧𝐚

            Kum zabi 18-na hun laia hla phuah dan kalhmang thlak danglam thawk a, English Poetry hmel thar min thlirtirtu hi Poet panga an awm a. Chung mite lo chawrchhuah dan leh an hla hrilin nghawng a neih dan tlangpui i han chhuizau dawn teh ang.

The Age of Romanticism (1798-1832) :

            Histawri lam kan en chuan Wordsworth-a leh Coleridge-ate’n Lyrical Ballads an tihchhuah aţanga Romantic Poets kan tihho boral zawh dawn thleng khan a huam awm e. Heng hun laia an thuchah laimu chu mihringtr hi Leilung nena inhne rem taka khawsak tlan lam hawi a ni ber.

            July 14, 1798 a lo her chhuah a, kum 1793-a King Louis XVI lû an tan hun lai boruak kha Romantic Movement hringtu pawimawh tawpkhawk a rawn ni chho a. Chutah, kum zabi 18-na laihawla Industrial Revolution lo chhuak kha he boruak rawn chawk nung chho zualtu a ni ta a ni. 

            Hmun tinah loneitu leh mi hnuaihnung zawkte khan in leh lo chânin an eizawnna an hloh a. Rethei ngawih ngawihin kut hnathawktute khan nun an sual chho ta a ni. Eizawnna a harsat êm avangin nunau mai piahah naupang kum 10 leka upa thleng khan hnathawka chhawr an nih hun lai a ni ta bawk a.

 Poet pawimawh zualte :

            Kum 1730 daih tawhah khan he Romantic Era hlimthla hi ‘The Seasons’ tih, Blank Verse hmanga phuahin James Thompson-a kutchhuak a rawn inlâr ţan a. Hla hril ţha ni lem lo mah se, sulsutu a nih avangin a hming hi hmaih a thiang lo ang.

            Kum 32 mi a nih laia ‘Songs of Innocence’ rawn ziaktu William Blake-a chu kum 1789 khan rawn lang ve lehin kum 1794 khan ‘Songs of Experience’ a rawn ziak chhunzawm leh a. A hlate hi an mawlmangin an mawi hle a. Amah hian Bible lama hmakhawsanga mi ropui leh angel-te inlârna hmuin chuvang chuan mi tam takin mi â angah an ngai thung.

            A dam lai hunah hian chawimawi hlawh pha lo mah se, kum zabi 19-na laihawl velah a kutchhuakte chuan belhchian an hlawh ţan ve ta chauh a. Chuti chungin Romantic poet ropui berte zinga mi anga ngaih a hlawh pha ta tho a ni. 

            Kum 1759-96 hun laia rawn lang Robert Burns hi tun hunah chuan National Poet of Scotland ni pha ngat a ni a. Mahse, a hlate hi Scottish ţawng ulh hmanga phuah an nih hlawm avangin English mi tam zawk tân chuan a kutchhuakte hi hriatthiam har tak an ni. Ani pawh hi England lamah chuan a thih hnu hun rei tak thleng ngaihhlut hlawh pha lo, a hnu fe-a chawimawia awm a ni leh bawk. 

  Romantic Poet hmasa an tih tak takte chu :

            William Wordsworth-a hian hla hril tam tak phuah mah se, a tam zawk hi chu ngaihhlut hlawh lo leh hla hrilh ţha tia sawi an ni lo. Mahse, a kutchhuak zinga tlem tê erawh hla hril ţha eltiang niin leilung, tlâng, siktui, pangpâr, sava, naupang, loneitute etc chungchang thailangtu an ni. A hla hril laimu ber pawh leilung leh mihring thinlung inkungkaihna lam hawi hla an ni reng a ni. 

            Kum 1732-1834 chhûnga rawn lang Samuel Coleridge-a hian Cambridge University lama lehkha a zir laiin Robert Southey-a nen intawngin rilru thuhmun puin vantlang, hêlna leh leilung chungchang thuah mi thuhmun an nihzia an inhre tawn ta a. 

            A hnu deuhah phei chuan Wordsworth-a hmelhriat chhoin ‘Lyrical Ballads’ an tichhuak ta nghe nghe a ni. Anniho hian a hun lai mila ţawngkam tualleng rawn hmang chhoin leilung thlir dan mit thar an rawn nei chho ta bawk a. Coleridge-a hmingthanna ber chu The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’ kha a niawm e. 

            Kum 1774-1843 inkâra khawvel rawn hruttu Robert Southey-a hi Kan hriatna ber pakhat chu Samuel Coleridge-a nena an intawn vang a ni. Tleirawl mai a nih laia a Ballads leh Epic Poem ‘The Battle of Blenheim’ leh ‘Joan of Arc’ kha Romantic hla hril kan tih zinga chhiar tel, hmahruaitu an ni ta a ni.

  Chhuan thar an lo lang ta a :

            Romantic Era chuan Poet chhuan hnihna a rawn hring chho ta zel a. Chungho zingah chuan Lord Byron-a kha entirna duhthusam a ni kan ti thei awm e. A pianphung leh landan, a nunphung chen khan Romantic Hero tih nen hian an inhmeh bik ngawih ngawih a ni ber e.

            A hla hrilahte chuan leilung mawina, hmangaihna leh lungchhiatna zawng zawng mawi tak maiin a rawn tarlang ta a. Lung tilêng tak mai a kamchhuakte avang chuRan Europe-ah a hming a thâng ta êm êm a ni. Tun hunah hian England ramah chuan Keats-a leh Shelley-ate hian hmun chang sâng zawk mah se, Europe pawn pam mi tân chuan Byron-a hlate hian dinhmun an chang sâng zawk ta reng a nih hi.

            Kum 1792-1822 chhûnga ropui taka rawn inlan Percy Bysshe Shelley-a hi English Literature-a mi chungchuang berte zinga pakhat a rawn ni chho ta a. Romantic poets zingah rau rau pawh mite thinlunga thu sawitu lian ber a ni ta reng a ni. Amah ang reng renga hla thu thianghlim leh fir ngaiha hmang thiam English Poet zingah hian awm lo ang hiala ngaih a ni ta a ni. A thi hma lutuk kha England tâna chânna lian ber zinga mi a ni ngei ang. 

            Shelley-a kha sawizau deuh hlek ta ila. Amahah khan mi chi hnih an awm a. Pakhat zawk chu helna kaltlanga ram siam ţhat duhmi, kalphung hlui thlak danglama mi zawng zawng hlimna duhtu a ni. A dawt lehah chuan leilung mawina laka zawr hnap mai, leilung mawina chhûnga inchiah ral duhmi a nihna kha a ni leh bawk. 

            Tichuan, kum 1795-1821 khan nun tawi John Keats-a a rawn lang ve leh ta a. Kum 25 chauh damin TB vangin boral mah se, hriatreng hlawh kumkhua tur kutchhuak min hnutchhiah hman tlat a ni. Kum 21 mi lek a nih laiin hla hrilh phuah ţanin a hnu lawkin tlar 4000 zeta thui ‘Endymion’ tih hla hril, Chhawrthlapui Lalnu chungchang a phuahna a tichhuak leh a. Mahse, heng a kutchhuakte hi va ropui ngawih ngawih tih tur erawh an ni lawi lo. 

            Tichuan, kum khat hnu lek, kum 1819 khan hla hril chilhkhawm, khawvela dai tawh ngai lo tur khawpa ropui a rawn tichhuak ta a! Romantic Poet kutchhuakte zinga hla hril mawi ber ber, Epic leh Ode-te chu khawvel mawina mitthla chunga chhiar theih turin a rawn phuahchhuak ta a ni. Fanny Brown-i, a retheih luat vanga a neih mai loh laka a lehkhathawnte chu chhûngril lungchhiatthlak ber ber puanchhuahna an rawn ni ta a nih kha!

            Kum 1757-1827 chhûng khan William Blake-a a lo lang ve leh a. Ani hi a hun lai mila thuchheh dan kawnga mite thinlung kai harhtu pawimawh tak, chhinchhiahna nena thu phuah thiam leh mak tak taka ngaihdan vawrhtu a ni a. A hun lai hian mi phutkhat deuh roha ngaih pawh a ni hial a ni. Kum zabi 20 leh 21 kan chuan kai hnu chauhin ngaihhlut a hlawh ţan ta a ni. 

            Chanchin lungchhiatthlak ang reng tak neiin hausa lem lo takin thlanlung chhinchhiahna pawh nei lovah phum a ni ta nghe nghe a. A kutchhuak ropui an sawi ziahte chu Songs of Innocence(1789) leh Songs of Experience (1794) hi an ni. Innocence hi naupang mit aţanga khawvel thlirna niin Experience erawh ţhalai deuh zawk, tawnhriat nei mit aţanga a ziak niin an inang lo dun nasa hle. 

            The Lamb leh The Tiger hi han bih ta thuak thuak ila. Kan hmuh theih chu engvangin nge Pathian hian ramsa kawlh Sakei a siam laia ran pawisawi lo Beram a siam lawi si tiin zawhna hlirin a nun kha a khat emaw tih mai tur a ni. Zawhna a han zawhte chu amah vek hian a chhang zui ta ţhin. A hla hril hmanga hringnun a kharna thu c hu hei hi a ni. Hringnun hi chhia leh ţha inpawlhna a lo ni e.

            William Wordsworth (1770 – 1850) lo lang ve lehin a chunga kan sawi tak angin Lyrical Ballads, Coleridge-a nena an puah hi a rawn lârpui hle a. French Revolution khan a nunah thu tam tak sawiin a zinvahnaah French nula a tawng a. Kum 1795-a Coleridge-a nen an intawn aţangin a nun hi thlak danglam niin an Lyrical Ballads hian a hun laia hla hril phuah dan a rawn thlak danglam ta thawk a ni ber. 

            A nun erawh a chi buh nuaih thung a. A kum tam hnu phei chuan a hma angin a thu ziak a fir ţha tawk thei tawh lo. A hnuah phei chuan sum leh pai leh zahawmna lakah mahni inhralha puh niin chumi rawn thlen dikzia tarlangtu chu Queen Victoria-i Official Poet nihna Poet Laureate a ni ta hial kha a ni. Robert Browning-a khan rilru nâ tak chungin The Lost Leader tih hla hril hmangin a kap ta a nih kha!

Lyrical Ballads –

            Hla hril hrang hrang dahkhawmna hi English Literature a Romantic Era rawn piantirtu hlate an nih avangin an  pawimawh em em a. A tam zawk hi Wordsworth-a phuah niin Coleridge-a hian tlem tlem a thawh ve a ni ber. An tihchhuah tirh hian mipui ngaihdan tur dawnin an hming pawh an tarlang ngam lo hial a! Tunah rih chuan heti chinah hian kan rek bung ang a, hun dangah kan la chhui zau leh dawn nia.